About the Migration Governance Indicators

Migrants' rights

Indicators in this domain assess the extent to which migrants have the same status as citizens in terms of access to basic social services such as health, education, and social security. It also describes the rights of migrants to family reunification, to work, and to residency and citizenship. The ratification of the main international conventions is also included within this domain.

Indicators in this category look at the extent to which migrants have access to certain social services such as health, education and social security. They also examine measures to ensure integration and access to work.

Whole of government approach

Indicators in this domain assess countries’ institutional, legal, and regulatory frameworks related to migration policies. Domain 2 also reviews the existence of national migration strategies that are in-line with development, as well as institutional transparency and coherence in relation to migration management. This domain also investigates the extent to which governments collect and use migration data.

Indicators in this category assess the institutional frameworks of cities for migration. This area also examines the existence of migration strategies consistent with development objectives, as well as institutional transparency and coherence in migration management.

Partnerships

This domain focuses on countries’ efforts to cooperate on migration-related issues with other states and with relevant non-governmental actors, including civil society organizations and the private sector. Cooperation can lead to improvements in governance by aligning and raising standards, increasing dialogue and providing structures to overcome challenges.

Indicators in this category focus on cities’ efforts to cooperate on migration issues with the national government as well as other cities and relevant non-governmental actors, including civil society organizations and the private sector.

Well-being of migrants

This domain includes indicators on countries’ policies for managing the socioeconomic well-being of migrants, through aspects such as the recognition of migrants’ educational and professional qualifications, provisions regulating student migration and the existence of bilateral labour agreements between countries. Indicators equally focus on policies and strategies related to diaspora engagement and migrant remittances.

Indicators in this category assess cities’ initiatives in terms of international student mobility, access to the labour market and decent working conditions for migrant workers. Aspects related to diaspora engagement and migrant remittances are also included in this domain.

Mobility dimensions of crises

This domain studies the type and level of preparedness of countries when they are faced with mobility dimensions of crises, linked to either disasters, the environment and/or conflict. The questions are used to identify the processes in place for nationals and non-nationals both during and after disasters, including whether humanitarian assistance is equally available to migrants as it is to citizens.

Indicators in this category examine the type and level of readiness of cities to deal with aspects of mobility crises. The questions focus on the processes in place for citizens and non-citizens both during and after disasters, especially if humanitarian assistance is available for migrants and citizens.

Safe, orderly and regular migration

This domain analyses countries’ approach to migration management in terms of border control and enforcement policies, admission criteria for migrants, preparedness and resilience in the case of significant and unexpected migration flows, as well as the fight against trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants. It also assesses efforts and incentives to help integrate returning citizens.

Indicators in this category look at the cities’ approaches to migrant safety as well as return and reintegration policies and the fight against trafficking in persons.

Key findings

INTRODUCTION

This local Profile describes examples of well-developed areas of Province of Central Java (Indonesia)’s governance structures and areas with potential for further development, as evaluated through the six domains of the Migration Governance Indicators (MGI). These address migrants’ rights, a “whole-of-government” approach, partnerships, socioeconomic well-being of migrants, the mobility dimensions of crises, and safe and orderly migration.

Click the icons on the wheel to explore the key findings.

The Migration Governance Indicators (MGI) initiative is a policy-benchmarking programme led by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and implemented with research and analysis from the Economist Impact. Funding is provided by IOM Member States.

Key findings

MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS

Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas

The Government of Central Java Province facilitates access to government-funded health services for foreign workers who have worked for at least six months and paid social security contributions, as per Governor Regulation No. 97 of 2018.
Migrants with regular status have equal access to government-funded primary and secondary education on the same basis as nationals, in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (1945) and Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System.
The Technical Implementation Unit of the Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Agency (BP2MI) in Central Java provides information and materials to prospective Indonesian migrant workers on legal contracts, destination country cultures, trafficking risks, financial inclusion, and experiences of former migrant workers.

Areas with potential for further development

There are no specific measures in Central Java to ensure migrants’ access to education at the primary or secondary level.
Migrants in Central Java are provided with legal services or advice only in an ad hoc manner.
Legal prohibitions against discrimination and violence are regulated at the national level, however the government of Central Java does not yet have a specific policy or strategy to combat hate crimes, violence, xenophobia, or discrimination against migrants.

Key findings

WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT APPROACH

Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas

The Strategic Plan of the Department of Manpower and Transmigration (Disnakertrans) of Central Java for 2018-2023 serves as the local migration strategy, aiming to facilitate labour placement and expand employment opportunities domestically and abroad for Indonesian migrant workers and foreign workers.
Central Java has established seven One-stop Integrated Services (LTSA) in various cities to enhance the coordination of services for Indonesian migrant workers.
Different agencies in Central Java regularly organize thematic meetings related to migration to enhance coordination across governmental departments.

Areas with potential for further development

Migration data has not yet been integrated into the One Data Central Java system, which serves as the mechanism to coordinate and harmonize data production.
Central Java's local migration strategy currently prioritizes Indonesian migrant workers and lacks specific provisions for international migrant integration.
Similarly, the LTSA one-stop shops which simplify services for Indonesian migrant workers, do not offer services for migrants living in Central Java.

Key findings

PARTNERSHIPS

Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas

In 2023, the government of Central Java signed a memorandum of understanding with Indonesia Ocean Justice Initiative to strengthen the protection and empowerment of migrant fishing vessel crews, small fishers, labour fishers, female fishers, and other marginalized communities whose livelihoods are at sea.
The government regularly collaborates and cooperates with international organizations on migration issues.
The Department of Manpower and Transmigration and the International Manpower Development Organization of Japan collaborated in 2022 to help Indonesian migrant workers find jobs, including screening and sharing information about training programs in Japan.

Areas with potential for further development

The provincial government does not formally involve migrant civil society organizations or the private sector in agenda and policy setting or policy implementation on migration issues.
Academic institutions in Central Java play a key role in disseminating migration policies, but their engagement in agenda setting presents a potential area for further development.

Key findings

WELL-BEING OF MIGRANTS

Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas

Central Java Province implements programs to promote financial inclusion for Indonesian migrant workers and families, focusing on remittances, including through its Regional Financial Access Acceleration Team.
In 2022, several departments in Wonosobo Regency collaborated with the Institute for Education Development, Social, Religious and Cultural Studies, to provide resources and capacity building to vocational schoolteachers on ethical recruitment and decent work for students.
In 2023, the province received an award from the National Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection as the best province for gender equality for its work in the development of the women’s and children’s sectors, which includes measures targeting Indonesian migrant workers.

Areas with potential for further development

The Central Java provincial government has yet to conduct a regional-level assessment to monitor the local labour supply and the effects of emigration on the local labour market.
Establishing measures to promote the ethical recruitment of migrant workers coming to Central Java is an area with potential development.

Key findings

MOBILITY DIMENSION OF CRISES

Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas

The Central Java Provincial Disaster Management Plan 2019-2023 (2022) has measures to ensure assistance is provided to all residents before, during and post-crisis.
The provincial government also has contingency plans in place for managing population displacement in the event of a disaster and has established ‘disaster-resilient villages’ with training for disaster volunteers.
Under the provincial Disaster Management Plan (2022), there are measures for assisting internally displaced persons in the region, which were implemented in 2020 in Magelang Regency on the eruption of Mount Merapi.

Areas with potential for further development

There are opportunities to include mobility considerations more comprehensively in Central Java’s disaster management framework and to ensure that any provisions are gender responsive.
In emergency situations, there are no coordination agreements or referral systems in place between the provincial government and key actors to assist migrants in Central Java.
While climate change adaptation has been considered in Central Java’s Medium-term Regional Development Plan 2018-2023, the mobility impacts of climate change have not been assessed or considered in any specific plans.

Key findings

SAFE, ORDERLY AND DIGNIFIED MIGRATION

Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas

Central Java implements programs for migrant returnees' reintegration, led by the Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Service (BP2MI).
The Task Force for the Prevention and Handling of Trafficking in Persons meets at least annually to coordinate efforts to eradicate trafficking in persons and support victims of trafficking.
As a result of work of the Task Force, in Tamangede Village, Central Java, a local policy was established on protections for women and child victims of abuse and trafficking.

Areas with potential for further development

Provincial authorities disclose activities on counter-trafficking activities on an ad hoc bases and there is no regulated reporting system.
The design and implementation of province-level measures to combat migrant labour exploitation is another area with potential for development.
The Central Java Regional Police receive training in trafficking in persons but lack special training on migrant-related issues.

Back to MGI overview