Indicators in this domain assess the extent to which migrants have the same status as citizens in terms of access to basic social services such as health, education, and social security. It also describes the rights of migrants to family reunification, to work, and to residency and citizenship. The ratification of the main international conventions is also included within this domain.
Indicators in this category look at the extent to which migrants have access to certain social services such as health, education and social security. They also examine measures to ensure integration and access to work.
Indicators in this domain assess countries’ institutional, legal, and regulatory frameworks related to migration policies. Domain 2 also reviews the existence of national migration strategies that are in-line with development, as well as institutional transparency and coherence in relation to migration management. This domain also investigates the extent to which governments collect and use migration data.
Indicators in this category assess the institutional frameworks of cities for migration. This area also examines the existence of migration strategies consistent with development objectives, as well as institutional transparency and coherence in migration management.
This domain focuses on countries’ efforts to cooperate on migration-related issues with other states and with relevant non-governmental actors, including civil society organizations and the private sector. Cooperation can lead to improvements in governance by aligning and raising standards, increasing dialogue and providing structures to overcome challenges.
Indicators in this category focus on cities’ efforts to cooperate on migration issues with the national government as well as other cities and relevant non-governmental actors, including civil society organizations and the private sector.
This domain includes indicators on countries’ policies for managing the socioeconomic well-being of migrants, through aspects such as the recognition of migrants’ educational and professional qualifications, provisions regulating student migration and the existence of bilateral labour agreements between countries. Indicators equally focus on policies and strategies related to diaspora engagement and migrant remittances.
Indicators in this category assess cities’ initiatives in terms of international student mobility, access to the labour market and decent working conditions for migrant workers. Aspects related to diaspora engagement and migrant remittances are also included in this domain.
This domain studies the type and level of preparedness of countries when they are faced with mobility dimensions of crises, linked to either disasters, the environment and/or conflict. The questions are used to identify the processes in place for nationals and non-nationals both during and after disasters, including whether humanitarian assistance is equally available to migrants as it is to citizens.
Indicators in this category examine the type and level of readiness of cities to deal with aspects of mobility crises. The questions focus on the processes in place for citizens and non-citizens both during and after disasters, especially if humanitarian assistance is available for migrants and citizens.
This domain analyses countries’ approach to migration management in terms of border control and enforcement policies, admission criteria for migrants, preparedness and resilience in the case of significant and unexpected migration flows, as well as the fight against trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants. It also assesses efforts and incentives to help integrate returning citizens.
Indicators in this category look at the cities’ approaches to migrant safety as well as return and reintegration policies and the fight against trafficking in persons.
This country Profile describes examples of well-developed areas of the Republic of Peru governance structures and areas with potential for further development, as evaluated through the six domains of the Migration Governance Indicators (MGI). These address migrants’ rights, a “whole-of-government” approach, partnerships, socioeconomic well-being of migrants, the mobility dimensions of crises, and safe and orderly migration.
Click the icons on the wheel to explore the key findings.
The Migration Governance Indicators (MGI) initiative is a policy-benchmarking programme led by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and implemented with research and analysis from the Economist Impact. Funding is provided by IOM Member States.
Migration governance: Examples of well-developed areas
- All regular migrants enjoy access to social protection. The coverage provided by the Comprehensive Health Insurance (SIS) scheme was expanded in 2020 to include expectant mothers, minors of less than five years of age and persons affected by COVID-19, irrespective of their migration status.
- The Functional Health Unit for Migrant and Border Populations was established in 2020 to formulate and propose policy, programmes and projects for comprehensive migrant health management.
- The Digital Migration Agency launched in 2020 enables applicants for family reunification to conduct the procedure virtually.
- The Foreign National Identity Card provides access to the job market. Foreign workers may change employers by registering their new contract of employment with the National Migration Authority, without leaving the country to apply for a new visa.
Areas with potential for further development
- Peru holds a twofold limit on the employment of foreign workers – in each company, they cannot exceed 20 per cent of the total number of workers, and their salaries cannot exceed 30 per cent of the total payroll.
- Although access to education is protected under the Constitution and the legal framework envisages universality and equal access, in practice, higher and professional education requires a certificate of economic solvency.
Migration governance: Examples of well-developed areas
- The Intersectoral Migration Management Roundtable formulates migration policy in Peru. As of 2021, it comprised 23 government entities sectors, three observer institutions, four United Nations representatives and 18 civil society entities.
- Supreme Decree 010-2020-IN approving special, exceptional and temporary measures for regularizing the migration status of foreign nationals (2020) offered Venezuelan migrants a procedure to regularize their migration status in Peru.
- The National Institute of Statistics and Information (INEI) publishes yearly a document entitled “Peru: Statistics on the International Emigration of Peruvians and Immigration of Foreigners”. Moreover, MIGRACIONES gathers socio-demographic data to compile statistics on migration, jointly with INEI.
Areas with potential for further development
- There is limited coherence between strategic planning documents on development and migration (specifically, the Bicentennial Plan: Peru towards 2021 and the National Migration Policy).
- The presence and implementation of programmes by Peruvian agencies abroad, more particularly through the Directorate-General for Peruvian Communities Abroad and Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is thus far limited to few countries and in scope.
Migration governance: Examples of well-developed areas
- Peru participates in the South American Migration Conference – South American Migration Observatory (CSM-OSUMI), established in 1999.
- As a Member Country of the Andean Community of Nations (CAN), Peru participated in the 2021 adoption of the Andean Migration Statute, which provides for temporary Andean residency as well as Andean Permanent Residency status.
- The Virtual Registry of Foreign Contracts (SIVICE) was introduced in 2020 and it allows for the virtual registration of labour agreements with foreign employers.
- Civil society organizations participate in the Inter-sectoral Migration Management Roundtable.
Areas with potential for further development:
- Organizations of Peruvian communities abroad take part in migration policy coordination schemes through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, though without a direct permanent representation in the Inter-sectoral Migration Management Roundtable.
Migration governance: Examples of well-developed areas
- In 2021, the National Institute of Statistics conducted the first National Labour Market Survey that includes a question on nationality.
- Peru’s Banco de la Nación implements the Mobile Wallet (Billetera Móvil) since 2016 which enables both Peruvian nationals and foreigners with a Foreign National Identity Card to send and receive remittances.
Areas with potential for further development:
- Most policies and measures to promote socio-economic well-being are neither focused on nor specifically targeting the migrant population.
- There are no specific provisions for the promotion of gender equality among migrants in the labour force.
Migration governance: Examples of well-developed areas
- The Government incorporates mobility into its crisis response on an ad hoc manner, for example, by introducing the Temporary Residence Permit (PTP) to deal with cases of immigrants whose country is in crisis, as well as the inclusion of migrants in the COVID-19 Response Plans.
- The Government has taken a largely multilateral approach to handling the coordination of the Venezuelan migration crisis and the impacts of COVID-19.
- Consulates have set up online forms for requesting assistance and arranging virtual appointments for consular assistance in connection with COVID-19.
Areas with potential for further development:
- The implementation of post-crisis recovery and management strategies that specifically take migrants into account.
- Disaster risk management and response plans do not explicitly mention migrants, and legislation does not specifically address the rights of migrants after a crisis.
Migration governance: Examples of well-developed areas
- The National Migration Authority’s Pre-Registration mobile application launched in 2020 allows both Peruvian and foreign nationals who need to enter and/or leave Peru to expedite their immigration control through electronic pre-registration.
- The 2019 reform of the Law on the Economic and Social Reintegration of Returning Migrants (2013) extends the duration of the tax benefits to returning migrants when clearing goods through customs.
- Law 31146 (2021) amending the Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Law against Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants redefines the offences of exploitation, smuggling and trafficking in persons as crimes against the legal right of human dignity
- The Action Guidelines for Public Defence against Trafficking in Persons (2019) buttress the work of public defenders charged with providing free assistance to victims.
Areas with potential for further development:
- Peru's regulatory framework does not specifically guarantee that the detention of migrants is used only as a measure of last resort.
- There is no institutional framework or action protocol with procedures for seeking and locating missing migrants.
2021 December
