Über die Indikatoren der Migrationspolitik
Über die Indikatoren der Migrationspolitik
Die Rechte der Migrantinnen und Migranten
Die Rechte der Migrantinnen und Migranten
Indikatoren in dieser Dimension analysieren, inwieweit Migrantinnen und Migranten hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu grundlegenden sozialen Diensten wie Gesundheit, Bildung und soziale Sicherheit den gleichen Status wie Bürgerinnen und Bürger haben. Es beschreibt die Rechte von Migrantinnen und Migranten auf Familienzusammenführung, Arbeit, Aufenthalt und Staatsbürgerschaft. Die Ratifizierung der wichtigsten internationalen Konventionen fällt ebenfalls in diesen Bereich.main.
Ganzer Regierungsansatz
Ganzer Regierungsansatz
Indikatoren in dieser Dimension bewerten die institutionellen, rechtlichen und regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen der Länder im Zusammenhang mit Migrationspolitik. Dimension 2 beinhaltet auch das Vorhandensein von nationalen Migrationsstrategien, die mit Entwicklungspolitik und -ansätzen im Einklang stehen, sowie die institutionelle Transparenz und Kohärenz in Bezug auf Migrationsmanagement. In diesem Bereich wird auch untersucht, inwieweit Regierungen Migrationsdaten erheben und verwenden.
Partnerschaften
Partnerschaften
Diese Dimension konzentriert sich auf die Bemühungen von Ländern, in migrationsbezogenen Fragen mit anderen Staaten und einschlägigen nichstaatlichen Akteuren, einschließlich Organisationen der Zivilgesellschaft und des Privatsektors, zusammenzuarbeiten. Kooperation kann zu Verbesserungen der Regierungsführung führen, indem Standards angeglichen und angehoben, der Dialog intensiviert und Strukturen der Bewältigung von Herausforderungen geschaffen werden.
Das Wohlergehen der Migrantinnen und Migranten
Das Wohlergehen der Migrantinnen und Migranten
Diese Dimension umfasst Indikatoren für die Politik der Länder zur Steuerung des sozioökonomischen Wohlergehens von Migrantinnen und Migranten, z.B. die Anerkennung der Bildungs- und Berufsqualifikationen von Migrantinnen und Migranten, Bestimmungen zur Regelung der Studentenmigration und das Bestehen bilateraler Arbeitsabkommen zwischen Ländern. Die Indikatoren konzentrieren sich gleichermaßen auf Maßnahmen und Strategien im Zusammenhang mit dem Engagement der Diasporamitglieder und den grenzüberschreitenden Geldtransfers von Migrantinnen und Migranten
Mobilitätsdimensionen von Krisen
Mobilitätsdimensionen von Krisen
Diese Dimension befasst sich mit der Art und dem Grad der Bereitschaft von Ländern, wenn sie mit Mobilitätsdimensionen von Krisen konfrontiert sind, die entweder mit Katastrophen, der Umwelt und/oder Konflikten zusammenhängen. Die Fragen werden verwendet, um die Prozesse für Staatsangehörige und Ausländer sowohl während als auch Katastrophen zu ermitteln, einschließlich der Frage, ob humanitäre Hilfe für Migrantinnen und Migranten genauso verfügbar ist wir für Bürgerinnen und Bürger.
Sichere, geordnete und reguläre Migration
Sichere, geordnete und reguläre Migration
Diese Dimension analysiert den Ansatz der Länder zum Migrationsmanagement bezüglich Grenzkontroll- und Grenzschutzmaßnahmen, Zulassungsvoraussetzungen für Migranten, Vorbereitung und Flexibilität bei erheblichen und unerwarteten Wanderungsbewegungen sowie die Bekämpfung des Menschenhandels und des Menschenschmuggels von Migrantinnen und Migranten. Es werden auch die Bemühungen und Anreize zur Unterstützung der Integration der zurückkehrenden Staatsbürgerinnen und -burger bewertet.
Key findings
INTRODUCTION
This country Profile describes examples of well-developed areas of Republic of Indonesia’s governance structures and areas with potential for further development, as evaluated through the six domains of the Migration Governance Indicators (MGI). These address migrants’ rights, a “whole-of-government” approach, partnerships, socioeconomic well-being of migrants, the mobility dimensions of crises, and safe and orderly migration.
Click the icons on the wheel to explore the key findings.
The Migration Governance Indicators (MGI) initiative is a policy-benchmarking programme led by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and implemented with research and analysis from the Economist Impact. Funding is provided by IOM Member States.
Key findings
MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS
Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas
- Foreign workers who have worked for at least six months and have paid contributions to the social security fund through their employers have access to Government-funded health services and social security on the same basis as nationals
- In Indonesia, the Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA) operates three shelters dedicated to aiding victims of trafficking and survivors of gender-based violence.
- Regular migrants have access to Government-funded primary and secondary education on the same basis as nationals. Further, in 2019, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology approved access to education for school-age refugee children.
Areas with potential for further development
- Given the large number of Indonesian citizens abroad, increasing cooperation with other countries to ensure the portability of social security and strengthening the protection of Indonesian citizens while they are abroad are areas with potential for further development.
- The Government of Indonesia applies limiting conditions for foreign migrants to work in Indonesia.
- Civil registration and administration services in Indonesia are available to migrants with proof of identity.
- There is no specific strategy for addressing hate crimes, violence, xenophobia, and discrimination against migrants.
Key findings
WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT APPROACH
Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas
- Several ministries and agencies in Indonesia are involved in migration governance, with the Directorate General of Immigration playing a significant role in policy formulation, enforcement, and supervision in the immigration domain.
- The Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Board (BP2MI) is a non-ministerial government institution responsible for the comprehensive implementation of policies as regards the service and protection of Indonesian migrant workers.
- BPS-Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik) collects and publishes sex-disaggregated migration data in Indonesian and English based on regular surveys.
Areas with potential for further development
- Indonesia does not have a national migration strategy defined in a programmatic document or manifesto.
- The establishment of an inter-ministerial coordination mechanism specifically dedicated to migration issues is an area for further development.
- Gender equality and non-discrimination are explicitly mentioned under the protection principles for Indonesian migrant workers, but there is no specific coordination mechanism to implement these provisions at the national level.
Key findings
PARTNERSHIPS
Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas
- The Government of Indonesia is an active member of Regional Consultative Processes (RCPs) such as the Colombo Process (CP), the Abu Dhabi Dialogue (ADD) and the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime.
- The Government formally engages Indonesian communities abroad in agenda-setting and the implementation of development policy through its Diaspora Congress and other diaspora-related activities.
- Indonesia participates in bilateral migration negotiations, discussions and consultations with countries of origin and destination. For instance, in July 2023, Indonesia engaged in dialogues with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, focusing on the rights of Indonesian migrant workers.
Areas with potential for further development
- Closer engagement and active participation between regional mobility mechanisms, such as the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime, the Colombo Process, or the Abu Dhabi Dialogue, are potential areas for further development.
- CSOs participate in agenda-setting and the implementation of migration policy only on an ad hoc basis. For example, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs involved trade unions, academia and CSOs in the drafting process of the National Action Plan for the Implementation of the Global Compact for Migration during a meeting in the city of Bekasi in November 2021.
Key findings
WELL-BEING OF MIGRANTS
Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas
- The Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI) was established in 2012 and serves as a reference for the recognition of foreign qualifications. Indonesia also agreed on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Qualifications Reference Framework in 2014, with the aim to benchmark educational qualifications across ASEAN member States.
- The Government of Indonesia has 18 labour-related memorandums of understanding (MoUs) covering both formal and informal sectors.
- In 2017, the Ministry of Manpower established an Integrated One-Stop Service (LTSA) called "Layanan Terpadu Satu Atap" to streamline the placement and protection of Indonesian migrant workers.
- The Government has established partnerships with private actors, such as Bank of Indonesia to empower migrants with financial products and sharia-based remittance schemes.
Areas with potential for further development
- Taking steps towards ensuring that competencies and certifications acquired by Indonesian migrant workers abroad are recognized domestically is an area for further development.
- Indonesia does not have a national assessment monitoring the labour market demand for migrants or monitoring the effects of emigrants on the domestic labour market.
- Implementing a specific program for managing labour immigration into Indonesia is another area with potential for development.
Key findings
MOBILITY DIMENSION OF CRISES
Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas
- The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) is responsible for the formulation and determination of disaster management policies, managing internal displacement (IDPs) and coordinating the implementation of disaster management activities.
- BNPB has a national disaster risk reduction strategy in place for disaster response and displacement management: the National Disaster Management Master Plan (RIPB) for the period 2020–2044 (2020).
- Indonesia's early warning systems, including the InaTEWS for earthquakes and tsunamis, provide alerts in Indonesian and English via text messages, radio, TV, sirens, and social media.
- Through the Indonesian Disaster Data Geoportal, BNPB regularly collects data on disaster-induced displacement.
Areas with potential for further development
- Human mobility considerations are not yet effectively incorporated into Indonesia’s environmental and climate change policies.
- Indonesia’s National Long-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional, RPJPN) 2005–2025 (2005) and the National Medium-Term Development Plan 2020–2024 (2020) lack specific measures for addressing displacement.
Key findings
SAFE, ORDERLY AND DIGNIFIED MIGRATION
Migration Governance: examples of well-developed areas
- Indonesia has established a process for foreign nationals to either register for a visa before their arrival or apply for a visa upon arrival. In addition, foreign nationals can apply for a residence permit prior to arrival in the form of visit stay permits, limited stay permits or permanent stay permits.
- There are government programmes and special policies focused on facilitating the reintegration of returning citizens, including facilitating access to employment (e.g. joining the civil service), such as the government programme for the reintegration of retired Indonesian migrant workers – Productive Migrant Village (Desa Migran Produktif, Desmigratif).
- In 2023, BP2MI engaged civil society elements in the protection of Indonesian migrant workers to form the Indonesian Migrant Worker Volunteer Community (Kawan PMI). On 22 July 2023, BP2MI appointed 550 Kawan PMI members from five provinces, namely Banten, Central Java, East Java, Lampung and West Java.
- The Indonesian National Police has established a Police Task Force to prevent and address trafficking in persons at both the national and provincial levels.
Areas with potential for further development
- While Indonesia has systems to track and identify missing migrants within its national territory, it lacks agreements or arrangements with other countries in this regard.
- There is no policy or strategy in place that includes measures for promoting and prioritizing noncustodial alternatives to detention.
2024 September
